The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Complete depth information and efficient estimators have become vital ingredients in scene understanding for automated driving tasks. A major problem for LiDAR-based depth completion is the inefficient utilization of convolutions due to the lack of coherent information as provided by the sparse nature of uncorrelated LiDAR point clouds, which often leads to complex and resource-demanding networks. The problem is reinforced by the expensive aquisition of depth data for supervised training. In this work, we propose an efficient depth completion model based on a vgg05-like CNN architecture and propose a semi-supervised domain adaptation approach to transfer knowledge from synthetic to real world data to improve data-efficiency and reduce the need for a large database. In order to boost spatial coherence, we guide the learning process using segmentations as additional source of information. The efficiency and accuracy of our approach is evaluated on the KITTI dataset. Our approach improves on previous efficient and low parameter state of the art approaches while having a noticeably lower computational footprint.

安全关键系统通常在调试之前进行危害分析，以识别和分析操作过程中可能出现的潜在危险系统状态。当前，危害分析主要基于人类的推理，过去的经验以及清单和电子表格等简单工具。增加系统复杂性使这种方法非常合适。此外，由于高成本或身体缺陷的危险，基于测试的危害分析通常不适合。对此进行的补救措施是基于模型的危害分析方法，这些方法依赖于正式模型或模拟模型，每个模型都具有自己的好处和缺点。本文提出了一种两层方法，该方法使用正式方法与使用模拟的详细分析结合了详尽分析的好处。首先使用监督控制理论从系统的形式模型中合成了导致不安全状态的不安全行为。结果是输入到模拟的输入，在该模拟中，使用域特异性风险指标进行了详细的分析。尽管提出的方法通常适用，但本文证明了该方法对工业人类机器人协作系统的好处。

噪声的去除或取消对成像和声学具有广泛的应用。在日常生活中，Denoising甚至可能包括对地面真理不忠的生成方面。但是，对于科学应用，denoing必须准确地重现地面真相。在这里，我们展示了如何通过深层卷积神经网络来定位数据，从而以定量精度出现弱信号。特别是，我们研究了晶体材料的X射线衍射。我们证明，弱信号是由电荷排序引起的，在嘈杂的数据中微不足道的信号，在DeNo的数据中变得可见和准确。通过对深度神经网络的监督培训，具有成对的低噪声数据，可以通过监督培训来实现这一成功。这样，神经网络就可以了解噪声的统计特性。我们证明，使用人造噪声（例如泊松和高斯）不会产生这种定量准确的结果。因此，我们的方法说明了一种实用的噪声过滤策略，可以应用于具有挑战性的获取问题。

虽然在过去几年中，越来越多地应用了深入的增强学习（RL），但该研究旨在研究基于RL的车辆辅助对复杂的车辆动力学和强烈的环境干扰的可行性。作为用例，我们开发了一种基于逼真的容器动力学的内陆水道跟随模型，该模型考虑了环境影响，例如变化的河流速度和河流剖面。我们从匿名的AIS数据中提取了自然血管行为，以制定奖励功能，该奖励功能反映了舒适且安全的导航旁边的现实驾驶方式。针对高概括能力，我们提出了一个RL训练环境，该环境使用随机过程来建模领先的轨迹和河流动力学。为了验证训练有素的模型，我们定义了在训练中尚未看到的不同情况，包括在中间莱茵河上逼真的船只。我们的模型在所有情况下都表现出安全舒适的驾驶，证明了出色的概括能力。此外，通过在一系列船只上部署训练的模型，可以有效地抑制交通振荡。

我们介绍了一个大规模实验，该实验对编码器进行了预处理，其参数计数范围从700m到9.3b不等，随后蒸馏到较小的型号中，范围为17m-170亿参数，其应用到自然语言理解（NLU）组件（NLU）组件（虚拟助手系统。尽管我们使用70％的口语数据训练，但在对书面形式的跨语性自然语言推论（XNLI）语料库进行评估时，我们的教师模型与XLM-R和MT5相当。我们使用系统中的内域数据对教师模型进行了第二阶段的训练，以提高了3.86％的相对分类，而相对7.01％的插槽填充。我们发现，即使是从我们的2阶段教师模型中提取的170亿参数模型，与仅接受公共数据的2.3B参数老师相比，与2.3B参数老师相比，意图分类更好2.88％，并且7.69％的插槽填充错误率更好（第1阶段），强调了。内域数据对训练的重要性。当使用标记的NLU数据进行离线评估时，我们的17m参数阶段2蒸馏模型的表现分别优于XLM-R碱基（85m Params）和Distillbert（42m Params），分别优于4.23％至6.14％。最后，我们介绍了一个完整的虚拟助手实验平台的结果，在该平台中，我们发现使用经过预训练和蒸馏管道训练的模型超过了从8500万参数教师蒸馏的模型，在自动测量全系统用户不满的自动测量中，从8500万参数教师蒸馏出3.74％-4.91％。

通过定义具有可变复杂性的流量类型独立环境，基于深度加强学习，介绍一种新的动态障碍避免方法。在当前文献中填补了差距，我们彻底调查了缺失速度信息对代理商在避免任务中的性能的影响。这是实践中至关重要的问题，因为几个传感器仅产生物体或车辆的位置信息。我们在部分可观察性方面评估频繁应用的方法，即在深神经网络中的复发性并简单帧堆叠。为我们的分析，我们依靠最先进的无模型深射RL算法。发现速度信息缺乏影响代理商的性能。两种方法 - 复发性和帧堆叠 - 不能在观察空间中一致地替换缺失的速度信息。但是，在简化的情况下，它们可以显着提高性能并稳定整体培训程序。

在公共道路上大规模的自动车辆部署有可能大大改变当今社会的运输方式。尽管这种追求是在几十年前开始的，但仍有公开挑战可靠地确保此类车辆在开放环境中安全运行。尽管功能安全性是一个完善的概念，但测量车辆行为安全的问题仍然需要研究。客观和计算分析交通冲突的一种方法是开发和利用所谓的关键指标。在与自动驾驶有关的各种应用中，当代方法利用了关键指标的潜力，例如用于评估动态风险或过滤大型数据集以构建方案目录。作为系统地选择适当的批判性指标的先决条件，我们在自动驾驶的背景下广泛回顾了批判性指标，其属性及其应用的现状。基于这篇综述，我们提出了一种适合性分析，作为一种有条不紊的工具，可以由从业者使用。然后，可以利用提出的方法和最新审查的状态来选择涵盖应用程序要求的合理的测量工具，如分析的示例性执行所证明。最终，高效，有效且可靠的衡量自动化车辆安全性能是证明其可信赖性的关键要求。

The performance of the Deep Learning (DL) models depends on the quality of labels. In some areas, the involvement of human annotators may lead to noise in the data. When these corrupted labels are blindly regarded as the ground truth (GT), DL models suffer from performance deficiency. This paper presents a method that aims to learn a confident model in the presence of noisy labels. This is done in conjunction with estimating the uncertainty of multiple annotators. We robustly estimate the predictions given only the noisy labels by adding entropy or information-based regularizer to the classifier network. We conduct our experiments on a noisy version of MNIST, CIFAR-10, and FMNIST datasets. Our empirical results demonstrate the robustness of our method as it outperforms or performs comparably to other state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods. In addition, we evaluated the proposed method on the curated dataset, where the noise type and level of various annotators depend on the input image style. We show that our approach performs well and is adept at learning annotators' confusion. Moreover, we demonstrate how our model is more confident in predicting GT than other baselines. Finally, we assess our approach for segmentation problem and showcase its effectiveness with experiments.

Landing an unmanned aerial vehicle unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) on top of an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) in harsh open waters is a challenging problem, owing to forces that can damage the UAV due to a severe roll and/or pitch angle of the USV during touchdown. To tackle this, we propose a novel model predictive control (MPC) approach enabling a UAV to land autonomously on a USV in these harsh conditions. The MPC employs a novel objective function and an online decomposition of the oscillatory motion of the vessel to predict, attempt, and accomplish the landing during near-zero tilt of the landing platform. The nonlinear prediction of the motion of the vessel is performed using visual data from an onboard camera. Therefore, the system does not require any communication with the USV or a control station. The proposed method was analyzed in numerous robotics simulations in harsh and extreme conditions and further validated in various real-world scenarios.